Author's Synopsis
Mention the word ‘oceanography’ in relation to the military, and for most people images of the navy come to mind. Wartime oceanography reaches farther though, to the lives and deaths of foot soldiers and marines. Invasions at Normandy and Sicily during WWII, and at Inchon in Korea, for example, would have been suicidal without knowledge of the ocean’s potential for disruption.
Winds, Waves, and Warriors is not a re-telling of the D-Day weather forecast. That story has been told many times. This book goes beyond the D-Day weather forecast to describe the oceanographic phenomena at Normandy June 6, 1944, and at other locations where US soldiers and marines fought the ocean just to reach the beach.
From America’s first D-Day landing at Vera Cruz during the War with Mexico, through the Korean War, the stories of the soldiers and marines who fought and died in these battles have been told mostly in terms of the military strategy, tactics, and maneuvers used to overcome the enemy. Winds, Waves, and Warriors tells of their struggles with a foe that sometimes was as formidable as the opposing army – the ocean. It explains how the ocean caused the havoc it sometimes did to provide a unique and insightful glimpse into this little-recognized, yet extraordinary aspect of ground warfare.
The challenge was to move men and equipment from ship to shore, through the surf, surviving both the enemy and the sea. Winds. Waves. Tides. Currents. Beach and bottom conditions. Weather and wave forecasting. For example, the oceanography of tides is explored so the reader understands the impact tides had on selected operations. What causes tides? Why is the tide range so great at some places and nearly imperceptible at others? Why do tides vary in range throughout the month and year at a given place? How did these factors affect the Normandy and Inchon landings? Did the enemy think the tides and other natural obstacles protected him at these places?
Clever methods to determine water depth, beach slope, underwater shoals, etc. were developed out of wartime necessity. An Army Air Corps lieutenant dug a hole on the beach at Normandy to help him predict tides more accurately. Decades before we had weather satellites, the Army’s Beach Erosion Board and research groups such as the Scripps Institution of Oceanography exploited basic concepts and principles of physical oceanography to develop crude, but effective instruments and techniques for ocean remote sensing and forecasting.
Winds, Waves, and Warriors goes beyond examining the role of oceanography in military operations to tell the stories of some of the people involved in these actions, and how they used the ocean to their advantage. Soldiers, marines, staff planners, commanders, oceanographers and meteorologists, and research institutions all contributed to some of the largest and most important military invasions in history.
The army commissioned courses in meteorology, primarily at UCLA and the University of Chicago, to teach Army Air Corps officers to forecast weather conditions. They later added a four-week course in oceanography and ocean wave forecasting at UCLA and Scripps Institution of Oceanography to teach selected graduates of the meteorology course to make detailed forecasts of beach and surf conditions at planned amphibious landing sites. Several hundred officers completed the courses and went on to forecast for operations at Normandy, throughout Europe, and in the Pacific campaigns. The author had the pleasure and honor to interview and correspond with three of these remarkable gentlemen and one of the professors at Scripps who taught them.
ISBN/ASIN: 978-0-8071-7223-0
Book Format(s): Hard cover
Review Genre: Nonfiction—History
Number of Pages: 154